Reivindicaciones
1. A device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces characterized in that it comprises: - a high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1); - a spatially discrete stimulus generator (2) configured for directing a spatially discrete stimulus (8) to a first optical region (5) and/or to a second optical region (6); - a first projector (3) configured for projecting a random infrared illumination pattern (7) onto the entire surface of the second optical region (6); - a second projector (4) configured for projecting a slotted illumination pattern projected on the central area of the second optical region (6); - a processor (10) configured for calibrating the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), calculating the position of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1) in space, establishing depth ratios in the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), and determining the position of the second optical region (6) in space and the depth ratio of the second optical region (6) with respect to the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1); wherein the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1) is configured for obtaining at least one image of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) projected onto the entire surface of the second optical region (6), as well as of the slotted illumination pattern projected onto the central area of the second optical region (6) without the application of the spatially discrete stimulus (8), and also for obtaining images of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) and of the slotted illumination pattern during and after the application of the spatially discrete stimulus (8) which strikes the first optical region (5) and/or the second optical region (6) and propagates over the surface of the second optical region (6); and wherein the processor (10) is configured for generating a final image with three-dimensional information about the entire extension of the second optical region (6) using a superposition, by means of digital image correlation, of the images obtained by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1). 2. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to claim 1, characterized in that the first optical region (5) is the sclera of an eye and the second optical region (6) is the cornea of the eye. 3. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first projector (3) comprises a plurality of infrared light LEDs and is configured for generating the random infrared illumination pattern (7). 4. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the second projector (4) comprises a white light source for generating the slotted illumination pattern. 5. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first projector (3) is configured so that each beam of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) strikes the surface of the second optical region (6) and is reflected such that each beam reflected on the surface of the second optical region (6) is directed to an image plane (13) where the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1) obtaining a point distribution of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) is located. 6. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a synchronization unit (9) configured for synchronizing in real time the images obtained by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1) with the isolated stimulus (8) focused on the first optical region (5) and/or on the second optical region (6), with the random infrared illumination pattern (7), and with the slotted illumination pattern. 7. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a storage module (11) for storing the images obtained by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), wherein said storage module (11) is connected to the processor (10). 8. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that it comprises an additional fixation channel (12) configured for controlling a fixation of a patient. 9. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1) comprises a high-speed stereoscopic camera. 10. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1) comprises at least two high-speed cameras. 11. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that each light point of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) is projected towards the surface of the second optical region (6) with a given angle and a given position, which are associated with the coordinates of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) by means of their origin and direction cosine of the propagation vectors of the light points of the random infrared illumination pattern (7), and wherein the propagation vectors associated with the random infrared illumination pattern (7) strike the surface of the second optical region (6) in a specific position (x<i>, y<i>, z<i>) for each light beam; wherein each light beam is subject to reflection on the surface of the second optical region (6), such that by means of said reflection it changes the direction of the direction cosine of the incident beams according to their angle of incidence with the normal to the surface of the second optical region (6) for each light point, such that the beams reflected by the surface of the second optical region (6) continue to propagate in a straight line towards the image plane (13) where at least one high-speed camera obtaining a point distribution (x'<i>, y'<i>, z'<i>) is located. 12. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the spatially discrete stimulus generator (2) comprises a micro-air pulse generator configured for directing a micro-air pulse to the first optical region (5) and/or to the second optical region (6). 13. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the duration of the spatially discrete stimulus (8) is less than 1.5 seconds. 14. The device for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the duration of the spatially discrete stimulus (8) is between 200 microseconds and 1 second. 15. A method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces, characterized in that it comprises: - projecting, by means of a first infrared light projector (3), a random infrared illumination pattern (7) onto the entire surface of a second optical region (6); - projecting, by means of a second projector (4), a slotted illumination pattern on the central area of the second optical region (6); - acquiring, by means of a high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), at least one resting-state image of the reflection of the illumination patterns on the second optical region (6); - recording, by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), at least one resting-state image of the morphological patterns of a first optical region (5) and of the second optical region (6); - applying, by means of a spatially discrete stimulus generator (2), a spatially discrete stimulus (8) focused on the first optical region (5) and/or on the second optical region (6); - acquiring, by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), a plurality of high-speed images of the reflection on the second optical region (6) of the projected illumination patterns; - again recording, by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), a plurality of high-speed images of the morphological patterns of the first optical region (5) and of the second optical region (6); - removing the spatially discrete stimulus (8) that has been applied; - acquiring, by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), a plurality of high-speed images of the reflection on the second optical region (6) of the projected illumination patterns without incidence of the spatially discrete stimulus (8); - again recording, by means of the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1), a plurality of high-speed images of the morphological patterns of the first optical region (5) and of the second optical region (6); and - measuring mechanical, geometric, and dynamic parameters of the second optical region (6) in the recovery thereof from the removal of the spatially discrete stimulus (8) to the state prior to the application of the spatially discrete stimulus (8). 16. The method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to claim 15, characterized in that the first optical region (5) is the sclera of an eye and the second optical region (6) is the cornea of the eye. 17. The method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 15 to 16, characterized in that the first projector (3) comprises a plurality of infrared light LEDs and is configured for generating the random infrared illumination pattern (7). 18. The method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the second projector (4) comprises a white light source for generating a slotted illumination pattern. 19. The method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 15 to 18, characterized in that it comprises projecting the random infrared illumination pattern (7) such that each beam of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) strikes the surface of the second optical region (6) and is reflected such that each beam reflected on the surface of the second optical region (6) is directed to an image plane (13) where the high-speed stereoscopic imaging system (1) obtaining a point distribution of the random infrared illumination pattern (7) is located. 20. The method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the spatially discrete stimulus generator (2) comprises a micro-air pulse generator configured for directing a micro-air pulse to the first optical region (5) and/or to the second optical region (6). 21. The method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 15 to 20, characterized in that the duration of the spatially discrete stimulus (8) is less than 1.5 seconds. 22. The method for obtaining mechanical, geometric, and dynamic measurements of optical surfaces according to any of claims 15 to 21, characterized in that the duration of the spatially discrete stimulus (8) is between 200 microseconds and 1 second. 23. Use of the device according to any of claims 2 to 14 as a dynamic corneal topography system, by means of acquiring images without incidence of the spatially discrete stimulus (8). 24. Use of the device according to any of claims 2 to 14 for the three-dimensional analysis of the geometric, mechanical, and dynamic properties of the cornea. 25. Use of an instrument according to any of claims 2 to 14 for the analysis of intraocular pressure. 26. Use of the device according to any of claims 1 or 3 to 14 for the three-dimensional analysis of the shape and mechanics of optical and electro-optical elements and devices, such as ophthalmic lenses, contact lenses, intraocular lenses, self-adjusting lenses. 27. Use of the device according to any of claims 2 to 14 for the evaluation, classification, and follow-up of people without ocular pathologies, for determining the threshold value indicative of the onset of at least the following ocular pathologies: i. pathologies weakening the corneal structure such as corneal ectasia and keratoconus; ii. glaucoma; and iii. dry eye; thereby improving predictability in the diagnosis of said ocular pathologies and enabling the determination of a suitable treatment for said pathologies. 28. Use of the device according to any of claims 2 to 14 for the evaluation, classification, and follow-up of people with refractive errors, for determining, based on said errors, a suitable treatment selected from one or more of at least: treatment with refractive surgery, contact lenses, and intraocular lenses. 29. A method for the evaluation, classification, and follow-up of people without ocular pathologies, for determining the threshold value indicative of the onset of at least the following ocular pathologies: i. pathologies weakening the corneal structure such as corneal ectasia and keratoconus; ii. glaucoma; and iii. dry eye; thereby improving predictability in the diagnosis of said ocular pathologies and enabling the determination of a suitable treatment for said pathologies; wherein the method uses the device according to any of claims 1 to 14. 30. A method for the evaluation, classification, and follow-up of people with refractive errors, for determining, based on said errors, a suitable treatment selected from one or more of at least: treatment with refractive surgery, contact lenses, and intraocular lenses; wherein the method uses the device according to any of claims 1 to 14.
