Electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. The present invention relates to a ceramic electrode active with lithium, absent of polymeric binders and with thicknesses greater than 50 μm, its manufacturing process, and its use in rechargeable batteries. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
1. Electrode for batteries, wherein the active electrode material is selected from a mixed oxide of lithium or a lithium phosphate,characterized in that it has a thickness in a range between 50 µm and 2000 µm, and a density in a range between 2.2 and 3.6 g/cm3. 2. Electrode according to claim 1, wherein the mixed oxide of lithium is selected from: a) mixed oxides of lithium and titanium of general formula Li<x> Ti<y> O<z> , wherein x, y, z are in a range between 0.01 and 1; b) mixed oxides of lithium, manganese and metal elements with spinel-type structure of general formula Li<x> Mn<2> -<y> M<y> O<4-z> , wherein x is in a range between 0.9 and 1.15; y is in a range between 0 and 1; z is in a range between 0 and 1; and M comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), tin (Sn), and vanadium (V); c) mixed oxides of lithium, cobalt and metal elements with laminar structure of general formula Li<x> Co<1> -<y> M<y> O<2> , wherein x is in a range between 0.9 and 1.15; y is in a range between 0 and 1; and M comprises one element or more elements selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) tin (Sn) and vanadium (V). d) phosphate of lithium, iron and metal elements with olivine structure of general formula LiFe<1> -<y> M<y> (PO<4> ), wherein y is in a range between 0 and 1; and M comprises one element or more elements selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn). 3. Electrode according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the mixed oxide of lithium is a mixed oxide of lithium and titanium of general formula LixTiyOz, wherein X, Y, Z are in a range between 0.1 and 0.8. 4. Electrode according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the mixed oxide of lithium is Li<4> Ti<5> O<12> . 5. Electrode according to any of the preceding claims, wherein its thickness is in a range between 450 and 1000 µm. 6. Electrode according to any of the preceding claims, consisting of a ceramic layer free from organic components. 7. Electrode according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the mixed oxide of lithium is Li<4> Ti<5> O<12> and acts as anode. 8. Manufacturing method of the electrode according to any of the preceding claims, comprising the following stages: (i) mixing of the active electrode material which is selected from a mixed oxide of lithium or a lithium phosphate, in the form of powder, with a polymer binder; (ii) granulation of the extrudable mixture obtained in stage i) to obtain the pellets that feed the extruder; (iii) extrusion of the granulate of stage ii) to obtain an electrode of desired thickness and dimensions; (iv) elimination of the binder; and (v) sintering at a temperature between 750 and 1250 °C in an atmosphere selected from oxygen, air, argon, nitrogen, argon-nitrogen mixtures, and nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures. 9. Method according to claim 8, wherein the active powder of stage i) is a mixed oxide of lithium and titanium. 10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the active powder of stage i) is Li<4> Ti<5> O<12> . 11. Method according to any of claims 8 to 10, wherein the polymer binder of stage i) is a thermoplastic material selected from homopolymers and copolymers of polypropylene, homopolymers and copolymers of high- and low-density polyethylene, homopolymers and copolymers of polyethylene-vinyl-acetate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamides, poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyacrylonitrile, polyaniline or mixtures thereof, optionally mixed with waxes and other additives. 12. Method according to claim 11, wherein the polymer binder is a mixture of polypropylene, paraffin wax and stearic acid. 13. Method according to any of claims 11 or 12, wherein one or several carbonaceous materials in the form of powder, fibres or sheets are added to the binder. 14. Method according to claim 11, wherein the carbonaceous material is carbon black. 15. Method according to any of claims 8 to 14, wherein the debinding stage (iv) takes place by means of a combined cycle comprising a first stage of elimination with solvent at 50 °C for 3 h, followed by a stage of thermal elimination, wherein the product obtained from the previous stage is subjected to 200 °C and later to 450 °C. 16. Use of the electrode according to any of claims 1 to 7, as part of a primary or secondary electrochemical cell. 17. Use of the electrode according to claim 16, wherein the electrochemical cell is a rechargeable lithium battery or a system of rechargeable lithium batteries. 18. Rechargeable lithium battery comprising at least one electrode according to any of claims 1 to 7, supported on a current collector with high electronic conductivity, an electrolyte, and a separator situated between the anode and the cathode, and wherein the anode is the electrode according to any of claims 1 to 7. 19. Rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 18, wherein the electrolyte comprises a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent or in an ionic liquid. 20. Rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 19, wherein the organic solvent comprises a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. 21. Rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 19, wherein the ionic liquid is selected from the group comprising N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, and the mixture of both. 22. Rechargeable lithium battery according to any of claims 18 to 21, wherein the lithium salt is selected from LiPF<6> , LiBF<4> , LiSbF<6> , LiAsF<6> , LiClO<4> , LiCF<3> SO<3> , Li(CF<3> SO<2> )<2> N, LiC<4> F<9> SO<3> , LiAlO<2> , LiAlCl<4> , LiN(C<x> F<2x> +<1> SO<2> )(CyF2y+<1> SO<2> ) wherein x and y are natural numbers, Li(CF<3> SO<2> )<3> C, Li(CN)<3> C, LiCI, Lil, and the mixtures thereof. 23. Rechargeable lithium battery according to claim 22, wherein the lithium salt is selected from LiPF<6> and Li(CF<3> SO<2> )<2> N. 24. Rechargeable lithium battery according to any of claims 18 to 23, wherein the separator is a porous polymer, which is selected from polypropylene, polyethylene, fibreglass, polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyimide, polyethersulfone, and combinations thereof. 25. Rechargeable lithium battery according to any of claims 18 to 23, wherein the separator is a non-porous polymer, which is selected from homopolymer or copolymers of ethylene oxide (PEO), PVDF-HFP copolymers, polyacrylonitrile or poly(methacrylonitrile), and combinations thereof. 26. System of rechargeable lithium batteries comprising at least one battery according to any of claims 18 to 25.